Rights: The University of Waikato Published 17 September 2009 Size: 50 KB Referencing Hub media

On average, only 10% of the energy from an organism is transferred to its consumer. This means that a top-level consumer, such as a tuna, is supported by millions of primary producers from the base of the food web or trophic pyramid.

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    Marine food webs

    Feeding relationships are often shown as simple food chains – in reality, these relationships are much more complex, and the term ‘food web’ more accurately shows the links between producers ...

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